第四百一十四章 海参传说(1 / 1)

游戏美食家 晓晓双 1013 字 2022-04-21

秦朝公元219、210年秦始皇派人全国编寻长生不老药,渔民进贡刺海参为长生不老之药,秦始皇用后龙颜大悦,此后刺海参进入皇宫成为历朝进奉皇宫的贡品。 古代三国时期,吴国沈莹的《临海水土异物志》中对海参有一段形象的描写,“土肉(海参的一种)黑,带金刺臂大,长五寸,中有腹,无口目,有三十足,炙食。” 从元朝开始,海参逐渐见于史家记载,如元人贾铭《饮食须知》卷六有云:“海参味甘咸,性寒滑,患泄泻痢下者勿食。” 南宋时期,温州出产的海参(光参)称为沙噀,到食界高度称赞,并且传入都城临安,成为京师首肯的宫廷珍品。但人们发现刺参后,很快就用刺参取代光参而当作海产珍品。 …… 明清时代已十分盛行将海参列为宴席之上品。社会上吃海参的人相当普通,故海参入馔日增多,并不乏海参名菜出入宴席。 如“竹影海参”明朝时海参进入皇家宫廷的御膳,开国皇帝朱元璋就是位喜食海参的人。海参得到了美食家的广泛重视,一跃成为海珍名品。姚可成《食物本草》卷一一这样记载:“海参,生东南海中,其形如蚕,色黑。一种长五六寸者,表裹俱洁,味极鲜美,功擅补益,肴品中之最珍贵者也。一种长二三寸者,剖开腹内多沙,虽刮剔难尽,味亦差。” 《明宫史》火集记载:明朝帝王常以海参、腹鱼和鱼翅为三大名馔,称为“三事”,每逢正餐,“恒喜用焉”。 吴伟业在明朝末年还专门写下《海参》一诗,予以颂咏。其诗云:“预使醈汤洗,迟才人鼎裆。禁犹宽北海,馔可佐南烹。莫辨虫鱼族,休疑草木名。但将滋味补,勿药养余生。” 明朝李时珍的《本草纲目》中有记载,大体意思是:辽东产的海参,体色黑褐,肉糯多刺,称为辽参或刺参,不仅其品质最佳,而药性甘温无毒,有补肾滋阴、生脉血、治下痢及溃疡等功效。因其药性温补,足敌人参,故名海参。 …… 到清朝时,海参成为各类筵席的首位名菜,无论宴会大小,总要摆上海参烹制的菜肴,而且总要放在头一道。破额山人在《夜航船》卷八说:“平阳金玉、符杨荔香及陇西昆季并予五人,观荷小饮于衡山别业之四宜轩,第一品芥辣拌海参……。” 《庸闲斋笔记》卷一一也说:“今之海菜,则海参也、鱼翅也,……何古今食品之殊若此”当时,人们俗以“参打头”也形容筵席的进馔款式。海参总是先于诸菜而上席,以示此宴之华重。后来又出现了所谓的“海参席”, 《清稗类钞·饮食类》记述长沙宴会:“道光四五年间,改用海参席;八九年间,加四小碗、果菜十二盘。”在清人上三席中,虽然海参席最为普通,但使用次数却最多。清朝海参的入菜,到了清朝时才逐步兴盛起来。 乾隆南巡到了南京,两广总督安排了丰盛的宴席。而乾隆对宫中常见的美食熊掌等眉头不展。老厨师见状,临时做了一碗大杂烩,有海参、干贝、鱼片、海米、虾仁、火腿、玉兰、笋丁,用鸡汤配制。乾隆是文化人,他从这盆没有名分的汤中,居然品出满汉交融的喜悦,连连称奇,当时御赐这盆汤为全家福。 …… 海参一般均为干制加工品,烹饪前必须发制。丁宜曾在《农圃便览》中讲到:“制海参,先用水泡透,磨去粗皮,洗净剖开,去肠切条,盐水煮透,再加浓肉汤,盛碗内,隔水顿极透,听用。”发制海参,通常需要一段时间,袁枚在《随园食单》中说,海参坚硬难烂,“大凡明日请客,须先一日煨之,方能融洽柔腻。”经过发制的海参,体态膨胀,吸水量充足,肉质松软,可以用于各种烹饪菜肴。 清代人创造出许多烹调海参的方法,烧炒煮拌,样样可口。如朱彝遵《食宪鸿秘》卷下记载:“海参,浸软,煮熟,切片。人腌菜、笋片、猪油炒用佳。”“或煮烂,芥辣拌用亦妙。”“海参烂煮固佳,糟食亦妙。’,《清稗类钞·饮食类》列举了多种海参菜肴,如松茸海参汤和煨海参:“海参须检小而刺者,先去沙泥,用肉汤煨三次,然后以鸡、肉两汁红煨之,使极烂。辅佐物则用香蕈、木耳,以其色黑相似也。”记载炒海参丝:“炒海参丝者,以鸡、笋、蕈丝炒煨之也。”记载拌海参丝:“夏日食海参,须切成丝,以鸡丝、芥末冷拌之。”又记载海参羹:“切海参,使成碎丁,以笋、蕈入鸡汤,作羹。”佚名撰《调鼎集》卷六更是用大段文字记述了“海参衬菜”的各样品目及有关烹饪方法,云:“蝴蝶海参:将大海参披薄,或衬甲鱼裙边,穿肥火腿条。鲟鱼头上皮并肚内,烧对开大海参。冠油块烧海参。炸虾圆衬海参。 炒海参丝加火腿。烂海参衬小鱼元或小虾元。脊筋、蹄筋、陈糟炯海参,烧亦可。蚌鳅丝炯海参丝。海参球内嵌火腿、鸡皮、笋,红白爆皆可。或用松仁、虾仁瓤海参粥,用鲜汁煨成糊。海参用蛋清、网油包成假鳗鱼式,其味胜真。海参发透,切丁五分段,煨烂制盘,假充鳗鱼。海参末恨烂作羹。海参切三分段,加火腿丁,鸡汁煨烂还白对拼。海参条配冠油烧。海参衬蹄尖、筋、管、脊、笋烧。拌鱼头去骨撕碎,衬块海参烧成烂;鲟鱼、鮰鱼同。整海参:鸭舌、火腿、笋熄炒海参。猪舌根烧海参。瓤海参:虾绒火腿或片,再卷网油,外再裹网油。野鸡海参羹;衬火腿、猪胰作羹。班鱼肝烧海参,焖亦可。猪脑打蛋黄油炸,烧海参。又:鸡肝、猪脊烧海参。木耳煨海参,极烂为度。”

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