大竹蛏(Solen grandis Dunker)贝壳延长形,两壳合抱成竹筒状,前后端开口。一般壳长为壳高的4-5倍,壳顶位于最前端,贝壳背缘与腹缘平行,唯腹缘中部稍向内凹,这种情形在成长的个体比较明显,前缘自背至腹向前倾斜,后端圆形。外韧带黑色,呈三角形,前端细小,后端大,其长度约为贝壳全长的1/5。贝壳表面凸出,被有一层发亮的黄褐色外皮,腹缘及后端的壳皮均向壳的内面卷包。壳表平滑无放射肋,生长线明显,有时有淡红色的彩色带。贝壳内面白色或可看到淡红色的彩带。铰合部小,左右壳各具一个主齿。前闭壳肌痕长,其长度与韧带长度略相等,位于壳的前方。后闭壳肌痕三角形,位于距后缘的四分之一处。外套痕明显,外套窦略成三角形。动物体足部肌极发达,前端尖,左右扁,水管短而粗。两水管愈合,由若干环节组成,末端具触手,表面有相间排列的灰黑色和白色条纹。 …… 长竹蛏(Solen strictus Could)又称直竹蛏。贝壳极延长,壳质薄,两壳相等,壳长约为壳高的6-7倍。背腹缘几乎平行,腹缘中部微凹,壳之前端呈截形,后端圆,前端较后端略粗大。外韧带黄褐色。贝壳表面光滑,被有黄褐色外皮,在成长的老个体壳顶的外皮常脱落而呈白色。生长线明显,呈弧形,后端有时形成褶襞。壳内面白色或淡黄色。铰合部小,每壳各具一主齿。前闭壳肌痕极细长,其长度超过或等于韧带的长度。后闭壳肌痕前后长略呈半圆形。外套痕明显,前端向背缘凹入,外套窦半圆形。动物体水管短,两水管愈合,末端具有触手,表面有黑白相间的花纹,但不如大竹蛏明显。外套肌及水管基部有一条黑色的色素带。足细长呈柱状。 剖刀蛏(Cultellus scalpellum Sowerby)贝壳长形,背缘直,前端圆,末端腹缘向背方斜升,比前端尖。高度约为长度的三分之一。壳顶位于背缘略靠前端,从前端至壳顶的长度,约为全壳长的四分之一。外韧带黑色突出。壳表平滑光亮,生长线在顶部较下不明显,愈至腹缘愈为清楚。有时形成褶襞。壳面被有一层淡黄绿色的外皮。这种外皮少有脱落的现象。由壳顶至末端腹缘略呈现一条斜线,线的上部颜色淡,线的下方颜色较浓。贝壳内面粉白色。铰合部左壳具有三个主齿,中央一个末端分叉,右壳仅有两个主齿。前闭壳肌痕小,卵圆形,后闭壳肌痕大略呈三角形。外套线极明显,外套窦略成方形。 …… 细长竹蛏(Solen gracilis Philippi)又称黑皮蛏。本种体型与长竹蛏极相似,贝壳极延长,壳长约为壳高的6-7倍,背腹缘平行笔直。前后端大小几乎相等。壳表具有竹子色外皮,前端圆,后端方形。生长线明显,与背腹缘垂直。壳表对角线不达到贝壳的最末端边缘。贝壳内面白色。铰合部位于贝壳的最前端,左右壳各具一个主齿。前闭壳肌痕窄而长,超过韧带长度的一半。后闭壳肌痕近三角形,外套线与外套窦清楚。动物体水管短,愈合,表面有鲜明的黑白相间的条纹,外套膜腹缘没有黑色色素带。仅水管基部约略可见。 …… 这些就是蛏子的种类,此外,蛏子还可以进行简单的加工。 蛏干又分熟蛏干和生蛏干两种。熟蛏干的加工方法是将鲜蛏先用淡水洗去泥沙杂质,入沸水锅中,加盖、煮沸后翻搅一次,再加盖煮沸后出锅,剥壳取肉,再次入水洗净,滤去水分后均匀地摊开晒干。一般经三天曝晒,蛏肉成淡黄色、水管发硬、八九成干即可。阴雨天可用烘房烘干,或加盐腌起来(食盐用量:5-7斤/100斤),待天晴时再洗去盐分后晒干。生蛏干的加工方法是不经煮熟,直接剥取新鲜蛏肉晒成干品。生蛏干比熟蛏干味道鲜美、营养丰富,价值也高,费工量少。成品蛏干以色泽黄、干燥、无折碎、气味清香者为上品。蛏干质地坚硬,烹制前需经蒸、煮而涨发。发好的蛏干色泽白中泛黄、柔滑、软而韧,多作菜肴、羹汤、粥品的配料使用,起到提味增鲜的作用;也可以作主料使用,但在色泽、滋味和嫩度上稍逊于鲜品。 将煮蛏后的汤汁沉淀过滤,除去杂质,先用大火烧沸,再以微火慢慢熬煮至水分浓缩达7成,汤汁呈黄色粘稠状时即可。蛏油味鲜可口,是一种甚佳的鲜味调味品。每百斤鲜一年蛏可加工蛏油3-4斤,二年蛏为2-3斤。 …… 最简单的是氽鲜蛏。将新捕捞的的蛏子洗净, 放养于含有少量盐分的清水中,待蛏子吐净腹中的泥沙后用薄刀片轻轻剖开蛏子背面连接处,倒入沸水中,氽熟即可。其肉质鲜嫩,风味独特,是佐酒的佳肴。古人曾有诗赞道:“沙蜻四寸尾掉黄,风味由来压邵洋;麦碎花开三月半,美人种子市蛏秧。”也常常用旺火、热油、快速烹调成菜,更能将蛏子的色、形、味、滋等特色恰到好处地体现出来。 …… 养殖蛏子也是一件不简单的事情,有很多的说道。 在选择养殖地点的上面,选择风浪较小,潮流畅通,稍有淡水注入的中潮带海区作为养蛏涂场。 海涂平坦,倾斜度小,大风季节涂面稳定,一般不会遭泥沙覆盖。涂质以泥质为佳(或稍有沙土),涂泥软硬适中,涂层结构严密,中间无孔洞和稀泥层,保水性能好。 每年春、秋季节,涂面有硅藻类(俗名“油泥”,一种黄褐色的浮游生物,是蛏子的主要食物)附生繁殖,发生面积大,停留时间长,为蛏子提供丰富的食料。
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