第四百五十四章 饮食文化(1 / 1)

游戏美食家 晓晓双 1027 字 2022-04-21

清汤西施舌——郝懿行《记海错》说:“谓之舌者,有肉突出,宛如人舌,啖之柔脆,以是为珍。其壳圆厚,淡紫色,可饰治器。即墨海中有之。”王培荀《乡园忆旧录》卷八曾记述胶东海珍品,其中有云:“第海物莫美于西施舌。蛤蜊之类十数,以此为冠。”梁章钜《浪迹续谈》卷二评论温州海产品时说:“西施舌随时皆有,平心按之,……(温州)西施舌不如登、莱、青各府。”清代诗人郑板桥在《潍县竹枝词》中就写道“大鱼买去送财东,巨口银鳞晓市空,更有诸城来美味,西施舌进玉盘中”。郑板桥说“西施舌”这种海产品都被豪门贵胄之家食用了。20世纪30年代,著名作家梁实秋先生在青岛顺兴楼第一次品尝西施舌:“一碗清汤,浮着一层尖尖的白白的东西,初不知何物,主人曰西施舌,含在口中有滑嫩柔软的感觉,尝试之下果然名不虚传。” …… 历下银丝鲊——清初名士王士祯《历下银丝鲊》诗:“金盘错落雪花飞,细缕银丝妙入微,欲析朝醒香满席,虞家鲭鲊尚方稀。”赞美历下(即山东济南)的银丝鲊烹饪的精细。 耿饼——又称曹州镜面柿,是山东菏泽地方传统名点,在明朝永乐年间就曾作为贡品献给朝廷,永乐皇帝大加赞赏,赐名为“耿饼”,清人王士祯有诗赞曰:“亳都(曹县)柿胜紫花梅,玉雪中含虎魄胎。肺病欲苏还怅望,姚黄欧碧不同来。” 鱁鮧——汉武帝追逐夷民至海滨,见当地人吃一物香气四溢,遂命此食为“鱁鮧“,这是一种古老的食品,就是鱼肠酱。最早北魏《齐民要术》卷八中有“作鱁鮧法”。《本草纲目·鳞部四》也有“鱁鮧”一释,李时珍集解:“沈括《笔谈》云‘鱁鮧,乌贼鱼肠也’”。 …… 乌鱼蛋汤——清朝赵子敏的《本草纲目拾遗》中有乌鱼蛋“产登莱,乃乌贼腹中卵也”之记载。清诗人王士禄所作的《忆菜子四首》诗中写道:“饱饭兼鱼蛋,清樽点蟹胥,波人铲鳆鱼,此事会怜渠。”王士禄将乌鱼蛋同蟹胥、鳆鱼同列,说明乌鱼蛋在当时已被列为珍品。清代诗人和美食家袁枚的《随园食单》中对此菜有记载。此菜有“鲁菜第一名汤”的美誉。 山东薄饼——清代文人袁枚《随园食单》中称赞山东薄饼:“山东孔藩台家制薄饼,薄若蝉翼,大若茶盘,柔腻绝伦。”并说当时有人称:“吃孔方伯薄饼,而天下之薄饼可废。” 加吉鱼(代表菜清蒸加吉鱼、醋椒加吉鱼、红烧加吉鱼、侉炖加吉鱼等)——清代学者郝懿行在《记海错》中记载:“登莱海中有鱼,厥体丰硕,鳞髻赪、尾尽赤色,啖之肥美,其头骨及目多脂腴,有佳味。” …… 对虾(代表菜小鸟明虾、罗汉大虾、翠绿虾球、醋烹大虾、油焖大虾、百花大虾、如意大虾、金鱼大虾、蒜蓉开边虾等)——郝懿行《记海错》一书载,渤海“海中有虾,长尺许,大如小儿臂,渔者网得之,两两而合,日干或腌渍,货之谓对虾。”山东海域所产对虾占全国总产量的2/3. 炸荷花——清人顾仲《养小录》的“餐芳谱”一节一开始就有:“凡诸花及苗、叶、根与诸野菜、草药,佳品甚繁。采须洁净……制须得法,或煮或烹,燔炙、腌、炸”的记载。老舍在《吃莲花的》中,也记述了他在济南教书时吃炸荷花的情景。 海参——清初吴伟业曾指出:“海参,产登莱海中。”他还写下一首吟咏登莱海参的诗:“预使燂汤洗,迟才入鼎铛。禁犹宽北海,馔可佐南烹。莫辨虫鱼族,休疑草木名。但将滋味补,勿药养余生。”郝懿行《记海错》记载说:“今登莱海中有物长尺许,浅黄色,纯骨无骨,混沌无口,有肠胃,……谓之海参”。袁枚《随园食单》说出了制作海参的难度:“海参无为之物,沙多气腥,最难讨好,然天性浓重,断不可以清汤煨也”,清代山东日照学者丁宜曾所著《农圃便览》介绍说:“制海参,先用水泡透,磨去粗皮,洗净剖开,去肠,切条,盐水煮透,再加浓肉汤,盛碗内,隔水顿极透,听用。”这种先水发,再用肉汤二次加热的发制方式,在山东一带甚为流行。 …… 北魏贾思勰《齐民要术》记载了人类烹饪史上最早的高汤:“捶牛羊骨,令碎,熟煮取汁,掠去浮沫,停之使清。”山东菜精于制作和使用高汤的传统一直延续至今。高汤(老母鸡、老鸭、骨、精肉、肘子、猪肚等长洗净、氽水,再洗净,长时间熬煮,撇去浮沫)分为奶汤和清汤,清汤清澈见底,奶汤乳白细滑。鲁菜的大量热菜极为依赖高汤。“无汤不成菜”,在解放前,山东菜馆会因为高汤用完而打烊,虽然主料都有,客人还想吃,但是为了鲜香美味做到家,不损店铺名声,坚决不做没有使用高汤的菜。除此之外,海肠粉、虾籽、蟹黄、虾酱、油炒面粉烩冬菇冬笋等方法也是传统鲁菜常用的鲜味剂。 一道酸辣海参汤、或者乌鱼蛋汤,在调味上讲究留白,必须让食客品尝三口才能吃出整道菜的味道精华(就是所谓“耐人寻味”,味道在食客口中要有一个寻找体会的过程),如果第一口就能尝到这道汤味道很足,那是失败的做法。第一口咸鲜上口、微酸微辣;第二口,酸辣味道得以升华;第三口,酸辣咸鲜四味平行于口腔之中,这就要求各种调料必须恰到好处,是非常考验厨师功力的。一道九转大肠,将酸甜苦辣咸五种味道融合在一道菜中,这道菜要让食客品尝出层次,每一种味道都能清晰分明地按照时间顺序出场,一秒钟呈现出一种味道,最后层层递进叠加,妙不可言。

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